Types of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate clauses, also known as dependent clauses, are groups of words that have both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as complete sentences. They function as part of a larger sentence, providing additional information or modifying the main clause. Here are the main types of subordinate clauses:

1. Adverbial Clauses: These clauses function as adverbs, modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs in the main clause. They typically answer questions such as "when," "where," "why," "how," or "under what conditions." Examples:

   • When I arrived, the party had already started. (When clause)
   • She sings beautifully because she loves music. (Because clause)
   • He ran faster than his brother does. (Than clause)

2. Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses): These clauses modify nouns or pronouns in the main clause, providing additional information about them. They are introduced by relative pronouns such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that." Examples:

   • The book that you lent me is excellent. (That clause)
   • She is the woman who won the competition. (Who clause)
   • The house where I grew up is for sale. (Where clause)

3. Noun Clauses: These clauses function as nouns within the sentence, often acting as the subject, object, or complement of the verb in the main clause. They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as "that," "whether," "if," or "wh-" words (who, what, when, where, why, how). Examples:

   • I know that he will come. (That clause, acting as the direct object)
   • She asked whether they were coming to the party. (Whether clause, acting as the direct object)
   • What she said surprised me. (What clause, acting as the subject)