B2-Level General English Reading Activities

Lesson #1: Fitness and Mindfulness

Outcome: I can read about a familiar health problem in 2 different online sources. \

Instructions: Read the following excerpts about common health issues.

Lesson #2: Mass Media

Outcome: I can choose which topics are controversial / non-controversial from a list of topics.

Instructions: Look through the following list of debate topics. Indicate which ones you believe would be controversial to discuss in your social context and which ones would not be. Also, in which contexts would these topics be discussed (or not)? 

Lesson #3: Making Predictions

Outcome: I can analyze a table or chart (such as the standings of a football league) to make educated guesses on future developments)

Instructions: Look over the following (imagined) English Premier League table. Make predictions for the upcoming fixtures based on the table.

1. Manchester City vs. Liverpool
2. Chelsea vs. Manchester United
3. Arsenal vs. Tottenham Hotspur
4. Leicester City vs. Wolverhampton Wanderers
5. Everton vs. West Ham United
6. Crystal Palace vs. Southampton
7. Aston Villa vs. Newcastle United
8. Leeds United vs. Burnley
9. Brighton & Hove Albion vs. Fulham
10. West Bromwich Albion vs. Sheffield United

Lesson #4: Memory

Outcome: I can read and record a story or news article. 

Instructions: Summarize the following article in 3-4 sentences.

Scientists Make Breakthrough in Understanding Memory Retention

In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have unveiled new insights into the complex workings of human memory. The study, published in the prestigious journal Science, sheds light on the mechanisms behind memory retention and offers potential implications for treating memory-related disorders.

Memory, a fundamental cognitive process, plays a crucial role in shaping our daily lives, from recalling past events to learning new information. Yet, despite its importance, the inner workings of memory have remained a mystery to scientists for decades.

Led by a team of neuroscientists at renowned institutions, including Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the study delved deep into the neural networks responsible for encoding and storing memories. Using cutting-edge imaging techniques and sophisticated computational models, the researchers uncovered key insights into how memories are formed and retained in the brain.

One of the most significant findings of the study is the identification of specific neural pathways that facilitate long-term memory storage. By mapping the intricate connections between different regions of the brain, the researchers discovered that memories are not stored in isolation but are distributed across multiple brain regions, forming complex networks of neural circuits.

Furthermore, the study revealed the crucial role of synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses (the connections between neurons) to strengthen or weaken over time, in memory consolidation. By manipulating synaptic activity in animal models, the researchers were able to enhance memory retention and retrieval, offering potential avenues for developing novel treatments for memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

Dr. Sarah Johnson, lead author of the study, emphasized the significance of these findings, stating, "Our research provides unprecedented insights into the neural mechanisms underlying memory retention. By understanding how memories are formed and stored in the brain, we hope to develop targeted interventions to improve memory function and combat memory-related disorders."

The study has garnered widespread acclaim from the scientific community, with experts hailing it as a major step forward in the field of neuroscience. However, many questions still remain unanswered, and further research will be needed to fully unravel the mysteries of memory.

As our understanding of memory continues to evolve, the implications of this groundbreaking research are far-reaching, offering hope for millions of people worldwide affected by memory-related conditions. With continued advancements in neuroscience, the quest to unlock the secrets of memory promises to revolutionize our understanding of the human brain and pave the way for innovative treatments in the years to come.

Lesson #5: Millenials

Outcome: I can identify lexical differences between millenial and generation X vocabulary.

Instructions: Read the following dialogue. Indicate who you believe is a zoomer and who is a millenial.

Ava: Hey, Ryan! How's it going? Did you catch that new documentary series on climate change? It's been all over my feed lately.

Ryan: Hey, Ava! Yeah, I watched it last night. It was eye-opening! But have you seen the latest meme trend on TikTok? It's been blowing up, like, everywhere!

Ava: Oh, I'll have to watch the documentary. It sounds important. And yeah, I saw that meme! It had me rolling. But speaking of trends, have you tried out that new brunch spot downtown? Their avocado toast is legendary.

Ryan: Avocado toast is the bomb! But have you checked out the bubble tea place that just opened? Their drinks are super aesthetic, and they have the cutest boba toppings.

Ava: Oh, I've heard about it! I need to go there ASAP. But have you listened to the latest episode of that true crime podcast? It's so addictive, I can't stop listening.

Ryan: True crime podcasts are my jam! But lately, I've been obsessed with watching makeup tutorials on YouTube. They're so mesmerizing, and I've learned some cool new techniques.

Ava: Oh, I love makeup tutorials! They're so relaxing to watch. But have you seen the drama unfolding on Twitter? It's like a soap opera, but in real life!

Ryan: Twitter drama is wild! But speaking of drama, have you watched the new season of that reality TV show? The contestants are bringing all the tea, and I'm here for it.

Ava: Oh, reality TV is my guilty pleasure! I can't get enough of the drama. But have you tried that new meditation app? It's been helping me chill out and de-stress.

Ryan: Oh, I've been meaning to try it! Meditation sounds like just what I need. Anyway, I gotta run. Let's catch up later, Ava!

Ava: Sounds good, Ryan! Catch you later!

Lesson #6: Trends

Outcome: I can follow instructions for writing an essay outline. 

Instructions: Review this how to plan an argumentative essay guide and complete this essay outline on the topic of your choice.

Lesson #7: Role Models and Super Heroes

Outcome: I can read about Guinness World Records of 2021 and make assumptions as to how the skills were developed.

Instructions: Read the list below. Think about the skills needed to accomplish each record. Explain how you believe the skills were developed. 

1. Fastest time to solve a Rubik's Cube - Requires dexterity, spatial awareness, and pattern recognition.
2. Most push-ups in one hour (female) - Requires strength, endurance, and discipline.
3. Longest time spent balancing on one foot - Requires balance, concentration, and physical control.
4. Most consecutive basketball free throws made - Requires precision, hand-eye coordination, and shooting technique.
5. Longest distance skateboarded by a goat - Requires balance, coordination, and training.
6. Longest time spent playing a single video game - Requires focus, stamina, and hand-eye coordination.
7. Fastest time to drink a bottle of ketchup - Requires swallowing ability, determination, and a strong stomach.
8. Most spoons balanced on a face - Requires balance, concentration, and fine motor skills.
9. Most consecutive backflips (trampolining) - Requires agility, strength, and timing.
10. Longest distance run on a treadmill in 12 hours - Requires endurance, stamina, and mental toughness.
11. Loudest purring domestic cat - Requires vocal ability, genetics, and health.
12. Largest gathering of people dressed as Harry Potter - Requires costume-making skills, creativity, and enthusiasm.
13. Largest collection of Star Wars memorabilia - Requires dedication, passion, and knowledge of the franchise.
14. Longest mustache on a living person - Requires patience, grooming skills, and genetics.
15. Tallest living man - Requires genetics, growth hormone levels, and overall health.
16. Longest fingernails on a pair of hands ever (male) - Requires patience, care, and hygiene.
17. Most tattooed senior citizen - Requires endurance, pain tolerance, and artistic vision.
18. Largest collection of rubber ducks - Requires dedication, collecting skills, and enthusiasm.
19. Longest time spent underwater without breathing - Requires breath control, training, and physical conditioning.
20. Most people hula hooping simultaneously - Requires coordination, rhythm, and teamwork.

Lesson #8: Expectations

Outcome: I can read three stories about situations that did not go according to plan and explain what could have been done to avoid the issue.

Instructions: Read the following three stories. For each, explain what could have been done to avoid the mishap. 

Story 1: The Birthday Surprise

Sarah had meticulously planned her best friend Emily's surprise birthday party for weeks. She had booked the venue, ordered the cake, and invited all their friends. Everything seemed to be going according to plan until the day of the party arrived.

As Sarah and Emily arrived at the venue, they were greeted by a locked door and a sign that read, "Closed for renovations." Panicked, Sarah called the venue manager, only to find out that there had been a mix-up in the booking system, and their reservation had been canceled.

Frantically, Sarah called all their friends and scrambled to find a new location for the party. Despite the setback, they managed to relocate to a nearby park and salvage the celebration. Although it wasn't what she had originally planned, Emily was touched by Sarah's effort and the unexpected turn of events made for a memorable birthday.

Story 2: The Job Interview

Mark had been preparing for weeks for his dream job interview. He had rehearsed his answers, polished his resume, and even bought a new suit for the occasion. Confident and excited, he arrived at the company's headquarters early and ready to impress.

However, as he sat nervously in the waiting room, he received an email informing him that the interviewer had fallen ill and the interview would need to be rescheduled. Disappointed and frustrated, Mark couldn't believe his bad luck.

Determined not to let this setback derail his plans, Mark quickly contacted the HR department to reschedule the interview and spent the extra time refining his responses and researching the company even further. When the rescheduled interview finally took place, Mark was even more prepared than before, and his perseverance paid off as he landed the job.

Story 3: The Vacation Mishap

Anna had been looking forward to her beach vacation for months. She had booked the perfect Airbnb, packed her suitcase with all her favorite swimsuits, and planned out an itinerary full of exciting activities. However, as she arrived at the Airbnb, she was greeted by a locked door and a note from the owner saying that the property was double-booked.

Feeling frustrated and disheartened, Anna scrambled to find alternative accommodation, but everything seemed to be fully booked due to the peak season. With no other option, she decided to make the best of a bad situation and explore the town instead.

As she wandered through the streets, Anna stumbled upon a charming bed and breakfast with a stunning ocean view. Serendipitously, they had a last-minute cancellation, and Anna was able to secure a room for the duration of her stay. Although her vacation didn't start as planned, Anna learned to roll with the punches and ended up having an unforgettable trip filled with unexpected adventures.

Lesson #9

Outcome: I can read advertisements in a home decor magazine and match the advertisements to the photos.

Instructions: Read the following advertisements. For each, find a picture on Google which matches the description. 

Advertisement 1: Modern Blue Velvet Living Room Set

Discover elegance with our Modern Blue Velvet Living Room Set. This luxurious collection includes a comfortable blue velvet sofa paired with stylish throw pillows. Complete the look with a sleek glass coffee table and a contemporary floor lamp. The rich navy color adds depth and sophistication to your space, while the gold accents provide a touch of luxury. Elevate your living room with this chic set and create a cozy yet refined ambiance for entertaining or relaxing. Shop now to transform your living space into a haven of modern comfort and style!

[Image link: (Example image of a modern blue velvet living room)]

Advertisement 2: Boho Bedroom Retreat

Escape to a world of Bohemian charm with our Boho Bedroom Retreat. This eclectic collection features a cozy canopy bed adorned with colorful tapestries. Pair it with a rustic wooden dresser and a woven rattan chair for a relaxed vibe. The bold patterns and textures, including an Aztec-print rug and a macrame wall hanging, infuse your bedroom with personality and warmth. Create a serene sanctuary where every detail tells a story and inspires adventure. Bring the spirit of Bohemia into your home with our Boho Bedroom Retreat. Shop now and turn your bedroom into a whimsical escape!

[Image link: (Example image of a boho-inspired bedroom)]

Advertisement 3: Scandinavian Dining Room Set

Experience timeless elegance with our Scandinavian Dining Room Set. Crafted from light oak wood, this minimalist collection features a sleek dining table surrounded by sculptural chairs in neutral tones. The clean lines and natural materials create a sense of warmth and tranquility, enhanced by the soft glow of a geometric pendant light. Elevate your dining experience with this understated yet sophisticated set, perfect for intimate gatherings or family meals. Embrace Scandinavian chic and bring effortless style to your home. Shop now to dine in Scandinavian-inspired luxury!

Lesson #10

Outcome: I can read bios about famous architects and write a short biography about an architect from my country.

Instructions: Read the following bios of architects. Then, write one about a n architect from your country. 

1. Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect and interior designer known for pioneering organic architecture, which harmonizes with its environment. Born in Wisconsin, Wright designed iconic structures such as Fallingwater and the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. His style emphasized clean lines, open spaces, and integration with nature. Wright's innovative designs continue to influence architects worldwide, and he is regarded as one of the greatest American architects of all time.

2. Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926) Antoni Gaudí was a Catalan architect known for his distinctive style and imaginative designs inspired by nature and religion. Born in Reus, Spain, Gaudí's most famous work is the Sagrada Família basilica in Barcelona, which remains unfinished to this day. His unique architectural language, characterized by curvilinear forms, intricate ornamentation, and vibrant use of color, has made him an icon of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's innovative approach to architecture continues to inspire awe and admiration, cementing his legacy as one of Spain's most celebrated architects.

3. Zaha Hadid (1950-2016) Zaha Hadid was an Iraqi-British architect renowned for her avant-garde designs and groundbreaking contributions to contemporary architecture. Born in Baghdad, Hadid was the first woman to receive the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Her bold and futuristic structures, including the London Aquatics Centre and the Heydar Aliyev Centre in Azerbaijan, challenged traditional notions of space and form. Hadid's visionary work left an indelible mark on the architectural landscape, earning her recognition as one of the most influential architects of the 21st century.

Lesson #11

Outcome: I can compare and contrast two bucket lists.

Instructions: Read the following bucket lists. Then, compare and contrast them. Generally speaking, which elements are the same or different? 

Bucket List 1

1. Visit the Seven Wonders of the World: Experience the awe-inspiring beauty of the Great Wall of China, Petra in Jordan, the Colosseum in Rome, Machu Picchu in Peru, Chichen Itza in Mexico, the Taj Mahal in India, and Christ the Redeemer in Brazil.
2. Explore the Amazon Rainforest: Embark on a jungle expedition to witness the diverse flora and fauna of the world's largest tropical rainforest.
3. Go on a Safari in Africa: Witness the majestic wildlife of the African savannah, including lions, elephants, giraffes, and rhinos, on an unforgettable safari adventure.
4. Trek to Everest Base Camp: Challenge yourself with a trek to the base camp of Mount Everest in Nepal, and marvel at the breathtaking Himalayan landscapes along the way.
5. Road Trip across Route 66: Embark on an iconic road trip across Route 66 in the USA, from Chicago to Los Angeles, and discover the rich history and Americana culture of the open road.
6. Cruise the Norwegian Fjords: Sail through the stunning Norwegian Fjords, surrounded by towering cliffs, cascading waterfalls, and picturesque villages.
7. Dive the Great Barrier Reef: Explore the vibrant underwater world of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, home to an abundance of marine life and colorful coral reefs.
8. Attend the Rio Carnival: Immerse yourself in the vibrant energy and festive atmosphere of the Rio Carnival in Brazil, one of the largest and most famous carnivals in the world.
9. Hike the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu: Trek along the ancient Inca Trail to the mystical ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru, and witness the breathtaking sunrise over the Lost City of the Incas.
10. Experience the Northern Lights: Witness the mesmerizing natural phenomenon of the Northern Lights in destinations such as Iceland, Norway, or Finland, and be captivated by the dancing colors of the aurora borealis.

Bucket List 2

1. Learn a New Language: Challenge yourself to learn a new language fluently, whether it's Spanish, French, Mandarin, or any other language that intrigues you.
2. Run a Marathon: Train and participate in a full marathon, pushing your physical and mental limits to achieve this incredible feat of endurance.
3. Volunteer Abroad: Make a positive impact on communities in need by volunteering abroad, whether it's teaching English, building houses, or working on environmental conservation projects.
4. Start a Business: Turn your passion into a successful business venture by launching your own startup or pursuing entrepreneurship in your field of interest.
5. Write a Book: Share your stories, ideas, or expertise with the world by writing and publishing a book, whether it's fiction, non-fiction, or a memoir.
6. Learn an Instrument: Master a musical instrument, such as the guitar, piano, violin, or drums, and immerse yourself in the joy of creating music.
7. Travel Solo: Embark on a solo adventure to discover new cultures, meet new people, and challenge yourself to step out of your comfort zone.
8. Complete a Cross-Country Road Trip: Plan and execute a cross-country road trip across your country or continent, exploring new destinations and experiencing the freedom of the open road.
9. Earn a Degree or Certification: Further your education and career prospects by pursuing a degree, diploma, or professional certification in your field of interest.
10. Conquer a Fear: Overcome your fears and phobias, whether it's fear of heights, public speaking, or flying, and empower yourself to live life to the fullest.

Bucket List 3

1. Learn Photography: Master the art of photography and capture stunning images of landscapes, portraits, wildlife, or street scenes.
2. Cultivate a Green Thumb: Create your own urban garden or indoor jungle, and nurture a variety of plants, flowers, herbs, and succulents.
3. Learn to Cook Gourmet Meals: Expand your culinary skills by mastering gourmet cooking techniques and recipes, and impress your friends and family with delicious homemade meals.
4. Adopt a Pet: Open your heart and home to a furry friend by adopting a pet from a shelter or rescue organization, and experience the joy of unconditional love and companionship.
5. Learn Yoga or Meditation: Cultivate mindfulness and inner peace by practicing yoga or meditation regularly, and enhance your physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
6. Start a Blog or Vlog: Share your thoughts, experiences, or expertise with the world by starting a blog or vlog on topics such as travel, fashion, cooking, or personal development.
7. Learn to Paint or Draw: Tap into your creativity and express yourself through painting, drawing, or other forms of visual art, and unleash your inner artist.
8. Declutter and Minimalize: Simplify your life and declutter your space by adopting a minimalist lifestyle, focusing on quality over quantity and letting go of excess possessions.
9. Learn to Surf or Skateboard: Embrace the thrill of the ocean or the streets by learning to surf or skateboard, and experience the freedom and adrenaline of riding the waves or cruising the pavement.
10. Create a Vision Board: Manifest your dreams and goals by creating a vision board that visually represents your aspirations, desires, and intentions, and take inspired action to turn them into reality.
    
    

Lesson #12

Outcome: I can read about different types of protest and explain their significance and results. 

Instructions: Read through the following five protests from the 2020s. Choose one and research the results of the protest.

Lesson #13

Outcome: I can read through safari brochures and choose a preferable option.

Instructions: Read through the following safari brochures. Choose your favourite safari based on the brochure. 

Brochure 1: Serengeti Safari Adventure

Welcome to the Serengeti Safari Adventure, where dreams of African wildlife encounters come to life! Embark on an unforgettable journey through the iconic Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, home to the Great Migration and some of the world's most spectacular wildlife sightings. Join our expert guides on game drives across vast savannahs, where you'll witness lions, elephants, giraffes, zebras, and countless other species in their natural habitat. Experience the thrill of tracking the Big Five and marvel at the breathtaking landscapes of the Serengeti. With luxury accommodations, gourmet dining, and personalized service, your Serengeti Safari Adventure promises to be the safari of a lifetime!

Brochure 2: Maasai Mara Wildlife Safari

Immerse yourself in the heart of Kenya's Maasai Mara, one of Africa's most iconic safari destinations! Our Maasai Mara Wildlife Safari offers unparalleled opportunities to witness the wonders of the African wilderness up close. Set out on game drives through the expansive plains of the Mara, where vast herds of wildebeest, zebras, and antelopes roam freely, followed by predators such as lions, cheetahs, and leopards. Experience the thrill of spotting the Great Migration crossing the Mara River and capture stunning photographs of the diverse wildlife against the backdrop of golden sunsets. With luxurious tented camps, authentic cultural experiences with the Maasai people, and expert guides, your Maasai Mara Wildlife Safari promises adventure and discovery at every turn!

Brochure 3: Okavango Delta Safari Expedition

Embark on a once-in-a-lifetime adventure into the heart of Botswana's Okavango Delta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of Africa's last remaining wilderness areas. Our Okavango Delta Safari Expedition offers a unique opportunity to explore this pristine oasis of waterways, floodplains, and lush islands teeming with wildlife. Navigate the winding channels of the delta by mokoro (traditional canoe) and embark on guided walking safaris to encounter elephants, hippos, crocodiles, and an abundance of birdlife. Stay in luxury tented camps overlooking the delta, where you'll be immersed in the sights and sounds of the African bush. With expert naturalist guides, immersive cultural experiences, and unmatched biodiversity, your Okavango Delta Safari Expedition promises an unforgettable journey into the heart of Africa's wilderness.

Brochure 4: Kruger National Park Family Safari

Experience the magic of South Africa's Kruger National Park on our Family Safari adventure, designed for travelers of all ages! Explore the vast plains, woodlands, and rivers of this iconic wildlife reserve, home to an incredible diversity of wildlife, including the Big Five and hundreds of bird species. Set out on guided game drives in open safari vehicles, where our experienced guides will entertain and educate you about the wonders of the bush. Enjoy family-friendly accommodations with comfortable lodges and safari tents, complete with swimming pools and outdoor activities for children. With tailor-made safari experiences, educational programs, and unforgettable wildlife encounters, your Kruger National Park Family Safari promises fun and adventure for the whole family!

Lesson #14

Outcome: I can read a letter of resignation and respond to questions based on it.

Instructions: Read the following letter and respond to the comprehension questions. 

Dear Mr. Smith,

I am writing to formally resign from my position as Marketing Coordinator at ABC Corporation, effective April 1, 2024. After much consideration, I have decided to pursue new opportunities that align more closely with my long-term career goals.

I want to express my gratitude for the opportunities I've had during my time at ABC Corporation. I have learned and grown professionally, and I am thankful for the support and guidance provided by my colleagues and supervisors.

During the remainder of my notice period, I am committed to ensuring a smooth transition. I am willing to assist with training my replacement and completing any outstanding tasks to the best of my ability.

Thank you again for the opportunities and experiences I've had at ABC Corporation. I wish the company continued success in the future.

Sincerely,

Emma Thompson

Comprehension Questions:

1. What is the position of the sender?
2. When is the effective date of resignation?
3. Why is the sender resigning from their position?
4. What does the sender express gratitude for in the letter?
5. What is the sender willing to do during the notice period?

Lesson #15

Outcome: I can find 2 courses of interest in a course calendar for an adult education institution and choose one.
Instructions: Read through the following course descriptions and choose your preferred course.

Lesson #16

Outcome: I can read a business report about ethical dilemmas due to competition and give suggestions of how to deal with them.

Instructions: 

Lesson #17

Outcome: I can read a business report about ethical dilemmas due to competition and give suggestions of how to deal with them.
Instructions: Read the following business report and give suggestions on how to deal with the ethical concerns.

In contemporary business environments characterized by intense competition, navigating ethical dilemmas becomes a critical aspect of organizational conduct. These ethical quandaries encompass multifaceted concerns spanning from price fixing and collusion to misleading advertising, intellectual property infringement, and unfair competitive tactics. Price fixing and collusion, for instance, not only violate antitrust laws but also undermine the principles of fair competition, resulting in adverse effects on consumers and market dynamics. Similarly, engaging in misleading advertising practices erodes consumer trust and may lead to legal ramifications. Furthermore, protecting intellectual property rights is paramount to fostering innovation and creativity; hence, ethical considerations surrounding intellectual property infringement are of utmost importance. Unfair competitive tactics, such as predatory pricing or sabotage, create barriers to entry, stifling competition and innovation in the marketplace. To address these ethical dilemmas, organizations must establish and enforce clear ethical guidelines, promote transparency and accountability, cultivate ethical leadership, and collaborate with industry stakeholders to develop industry-wide initiatives and standards. By upholding integrity and fairness in competitive practices, businesses can foster a culture of ethical competition that not only benefits consumers but also promotes sustainable business growth and societal well-being.

Lesson #18

Outcome: I can read and paraphrase a short research report for an academic assignment.

Instructions: Read through the following research paper and summarize it.

Title: Navigating the Intricate Relationship between Social Media Usage and Mental Health

Abstract: The pervasive integration of social media into daily life has sparked considerable discourse regarding its impact on mental health. While social media platforms offer unparalleled connectivity and information dissemination, concerns have arisen about their potential negative effects on psychological well-being. This research paper endeavors to comprehensively analyze the complex interplay between social media usage and mental health outcomes. Drawing upon an extensive body of literature and empirical studies, this paper delves into the multifaceted ways in which social media may influence individual mental health, including its effects on self-esteem, body image, loneliness, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, it examines the underlying mechanisms, individual variations, and contextual factors that shape this intricate relationship, providing insights for future research and interventions to promote positive mental health outcomes in the digital age.

Introduction: The ubiquitous presence of social media platforms has revolutionized the landscape of human interaction and communication, offering unprecedented opportunities for connectivity and information sharing. However, the exponential rise in social media usage has raised questions about its potential impact on mental health. This research paper seeks to unravel the intricate relationship between social media usage and mental health outcomes, shedding light on the various dimensions through which social media may influence individual psychological well-being.

Body:

The effects of Social Media on Self-Esteem and Body Image: Social comparison theory posits that individuals frequently engage in comparisons with others, particularly on social media platforms, which can significantly impact self-esteem and body image perceptions. Exposure to idealized images and lifestyles on social media may contribute to feelings of inadequacy and dissatisfaction with one's appearance. Furthermore, the prevalence of edited and filtered images may distort perceptions of beauty standards, leading to negative self-evaluation and body dissatisfaction.

Social Comparison and Mental Health: The pervasive nature of social media facilitates constant social comparison, which can have detrimental effects on mental health. Studies have shown a positive correlation between excessive social media use and symptoms of depression and anxiety, particularly among individuals who engage in upward social comparison. Moreover, the fear of missing out (FOMO) phenomenon, perpetuated by social media, may exacerbate feelings of loneliness and isolation, contributing to adverse mental health outcomes.

Loneliness and Social Isolation: Despite the promise of connectivity, social media use has paradoxically been associated with increased feelings of loneliness and social isolation. The superficial nature of online interactions may fail to fulfill individuals' need for genuine human connection, leading to feelings of loneliness and alienation. Additionally, excessive reliance on social media for social interaction may detract from meaningful face-to-face interactions, exacerbating feelings of loneliness and social disconnection.

Anxiety and Depression: Cyberbullying, prevalent on social media platforms, has been linked to heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults. Furthermore, the pressure to maintain an idealized online persona may contribute to heightened anxiety and depressive symptoms. The addictive nature of social media, characterized by constant engagement and endless scrolling, may exacerbate symptoms of anxiety and depression as individuals experience withdrawal symptoms when detached from their online presence.

Sleep Disturbances and Screen Time: Excessive screen time, particularly before bedtime, has been associated with disrupted sleep patterns and poor sleep quality. The blue light emitted by electronic devices can suppress melatonin production, disrupting circadian rhythms and inhibiting sleep onset. Moreover, the psychological arousal induced by engaging with stimulating content on social media may prolong sleep latency and reduce overall sleep duration, contributing to sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the relationship between social media usage and mental health outcomes is multifaceted and complex. While social media platforms offer numerous benefits, they also pose significant risks to individual psychological well-being. By exploring the various dimensions through which social media may influence mental health, including self-esteem, body image, loneliness, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances, this research paper has provided valuable insights into this pressing issue. Moving forward, it is imperative to address these concerns through targeted interventions and policies aimed at promoting positive mental health outcomes in the digital age.

Lesson #19

Outcome: I can read about examples of pseudoscience and decipher them from facts.

Instructions: Read about the following examples of concepts which are claims by some to be pseudoscience. Then, write about what you think common elements of pseudoscience are.

1. Astrology: Astrology claims that celestial bodies' positions and movements influence human behavior and personality traits. Despite its popularity, astrology lacks empirical evidence to support its claims and is not considered a valid science.

2. Homeopathy: Homeopathy is based on the principle that "like cures like" and diluting substances to extremely low concentrations can enhance their healing properties. However, numerous studies have shown that homeopathic remedies are no more effective than placebos.

3. Creationism: Creationism is the belief that the universe, Earth, and all living organisms were created by a supernatural entity, typically as described in religious texts. It rejects the scientific theory of evolution and relies on religious doctrine rather than empirical evidence.

4. Flat Earth Theory: Flat Earth Theory claims that the Earth is flat rather than spherical. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence supporting the Earth's spherical shape, proponents of this theory promote pseudoscientific arguments to support their beliefs.

5. Crystal Healing: Crystal healing asserts that certain crystals and gemstones possess healing properties that can balance energy fields and promote physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. However, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims.

6. Anti-vaccination Movement: The anti-vaccination movement promotes misinformation about the safety and efficacy of vaccines, often citing debunked studies linking vaccines to autism and other adverse health effects. Despite overwhelming scientific consensus on the benefits of vaccination, this movement continues to gain traction.

7. Dowsing: Dowsing involves using a divining rod or pendulum to locate underground water, minerals, or other substances. Despite its widespread use in various cultures, scientific studies have consistently found dowsing to be no more effective than chance.

8. Numerology: Numerology posits that numbers have mystical significance and can influence various aspects of life, including personality traits, relationships, and future events. However, there is no empirical evidence to support the validity of numerological claims.

9. Aura Reading: Aura reading claims that individuals emit a subtle energy field or "aura" that reflects their physical, emotional, and spiritual state. Practitioners purport to interpret these auras to provide insights into a person's well-being, but scientific research has found no evidence to support the existence of auras.

10. Psychic Mediumship: Psychic mediums claim to communicate with the spirits of the deceased and convey messages from the afterlife to the living. While psychic phenomena have been studied extensively, rigorous scientific investigations have failed to provide conclusive evidence of communication with the dead.

Lesson #20

Outcome: I can read about common cultural taboos and make note of the information in planning for an upcoming trip.

Instructions: Read about cultural taboos. Indicate which ones may be useful to keep in mind given your future travel plans.

1. Eating with the Left Hand (Middle East, India): In many Middle Eastern and South Asian cultures, the left hand is considered unclean because it is traditionally used for personal hygiene purposes. Therefore, eating, shaking hands, or passing objects with the left hand is considered disrespectful and taboo.

2. Pointing Feet at Others (Thailand, India): In several Asian cultures, including Thailand and India, pointing the soles of one's feet at another person is considered highly disrespectful. The feet are considered the lowest and dirtiest part of the body, so exposing them to someone's face or body is taboo.

3. Whistling Indoors (Russia, Greece): In some cultures, such as Russia and Greece, whistling indoors is believed to invite bad luck or evil spirits. This superstition stems from the idea that whistling can attract negative energy or disturb the peace of the home, making it a taboo practice.

4. Tipping in Japan: Unlike in Western countries where tipping is customary, tipping in Japan is considered rude and may be seen as an insult to the service provider. Japanese culture places emphasis on providing excellent service as part of the job, so offering extra money can be perceived as questioning the quality of service.

5. Touching Someone's Head (Thailand, Sri Lanka): In many Southeast Asian cultures, including Thailand and Sri Lanka, the head is considered the most sacred part of the body, associated with the soul or spirit. Therefore, touching someone's head, especially without permission, is considered disrespectful and taboo.

6. Using the Left Hand (West Africa): Similar to some Middle Eastern cultures, using the left hand for tasks such as eating, greeting, or passing objects is considered taboo in many West African societies. The left hand is traditionally associated with hygiene practices, and using it for social interactions is seen as unclean.

7. Discussing Age (China, Korea): In East Asian cultures such as China and Korea, discussing someone's age, especially if they are older than you, is considered impolite and taboo. Age is viewed with great respect, and asking about it directly may be perceived as intrusive or disrespectful.

8. Showing the Bottom of Shoes (Arab Countries): In Arab countries, showing the bottom of one's shoes, especially to someone's face or in a sacred space like a mosque, is considered extremely disrespectful. The soles of shoes are seen as dirty and symbolize the lowest part of the body.

9. Public Displays of Affection (Middle East, Southeast Asia): Public displays of affection, such as kissing or hugging, are often considered taboo in many Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian cultures. Public intimacy is viewed as inappropriate and disrespectful to traditional values and social norms.

10. Discussing Personal Finances (Japan, China): In many East Asian cultures, discussing personal finances, including salary, savings, or debt, is considered taboo and impolite. Money matters are often viewed as private and should not be openly discussed, especially in social settings.

Lesson #21

Outcome: I can read a series of indirect sentences and indicate more direct ways to rephrase them.

Instructions: Rephrase the following sentences to be more "direct" in communicating the idea that the communicator is trying to convey.

Lesson #22

Outcome: I can read a series of critical reviews and explain one’s opinion.

Instructions: Read through the following critical reviews. Identify at least two key points from each. 

1. "Ethereal Reverie" by Olivia Rivers: "Ethereal Reverie" by Olivia Rivers is a captivating exploration of color and texture that invites viewers into a world of abstract expressionism. The artist's bold use of vibrant hues and dynamic brushstrokes creates a sense of movement and energy within the composition. Each layer of paint seems to dance across the canvas, evoking a range of emotions and interpretations from the audience. While the piece may lack a discernible subject matter, its abstract nature encourages viewers to engage with their own imagination and personal experiences. Overall, "Ethereal Reverie" is a striking example of contemporary abstraction that challenges traditional notions of artistry and invites viewers to explore the limitless possibilities of visual expression.

2. "Chronicles of Time" by Gabriel Frost: Gabriel Frost's iconic masterpiece "Chronicles of Time" is a surrealistic tour de force that continues to captivate audiences decades after its creation. The painting's dreamlike landscape, featuring melting clocks draped over barren terrain, evokes a sense of timelessness and existential contemplation. Frost's meticulous attention to detail and precise execution of form lend the artwork an otherworldly quality that blurs the boundaries between reality and fantasy. Through his exploration of the subconscious mind and the nature of time, Frost invites viewers to ponder the fleeting nature of existence and the fragility of human perception. "Chronicles of Time" remains a timeless testament to Frost's genius and his enduring impact on the world of art.

3. "Celestial Symphony" by Harper Nightingale: Harper Nightingale's "Celestial Symphony" is a masterpiece of Post-Impressionist art that transcends its medium to become an iconic symbol of artistic expression. The painting's swirling brushstrokes and vibrant color palette create a mesmerizing depiction of the night sky, infused with a sense of movement and emotion. Nightingale's use of impasto technique adds texture and depth to the composition, enhancing the viewer's immersion in the nocturnal landscape. Through her unique artistic vision, Nightingale captures the ethereal beauty of the cosmos and the transcendent power of nature. "Celestial Symphony" remains a timeless testament to Nightingale's genius and her profound connection to the natural world.

Lesson #23

Outcome: I can read horoscopes and point out similarities and differences.

Instructions: Read through the following horoscope descriptions. Identify similarities and differences between them. 

1. Aries (March 21 - April 19): Aries, the first sign of the zodiac, is symbolized by the ram, representing energy, enthusiasm, and leadership. Individuals born under this fire sign are known for their dynamic and adventurous spirit, always eager to take on new challenges and pursue their goals with vigor. Aries are natural-born leaders who thrive in competitive environments and enjoy being at the forefront of innovation. However, their impulsive nature and tendency towards recklessness can sometimes lead to conflicts or hasty decisions. Overall, Aries are fiercely independent and passionate individuals who approach life with courage and determination.

2. Taurus (April 20 - May 20): Taurus, the second sign of the zodiac, is symbolized by the bull, representing stability, sensuality, and determination. Those born under this earth sign are known for their grounded and practical nature, valuing security and comfort in all aspects of life. Taurus individuals are reliable and hardworking, often achieving success through their perseverance and dedication. They have a strong appreciation for the finer things in life and enjoy indulging in sensory pleasures such as good food, music, and art. However, their stubbornness and resistance to change can sometimes hinder their growth and adaptability.

3. Gemini (May 21 - June 20): Gemini, the third sign of the zodiac, is symbolized by the twins, representing duality, versatility, and communication. Those born under this air sign are known for their quick wit, intelligence, and sociability. Gemini individuals are natural conversationalists who excel in social settings and thrive on mental stimulation. They are curious and adaptable, always eager to learn new things and explore different perspectives. However, their indecisiveness and tendency towards superficiality can sometimes lead to inconsistency or a lack of follow-through. Overall, Gemini are charismatic and charming individuals who bring energy and excitement wherever they go.

4. Cancer (June 21 - July 22): Cancer, the fourth sign of the zodiac, is symbolized by the crab, representing sensitivity, nurturing, and intuition. Individuals born under this water sign are known for their deep emotional intelligence and strong intuition. Cancerians are highly empathetic and compassionate, often prioritizing the needs of others above their own. They have a strong attachment to family and home, finding comfort and security in familiar surroundings. However, their tendency towards moodiness and emotional sensitivity can sometimes lead to mood swings or difficulty letting go of the past. Overall, Cancerians are nurturing and protective individuals who value emotional connections and security above all else.

5. Leo (July 23 - August 22): Leo, the fifth sign of the zodiac, is symbolized by the lion, representing confidence, creativity, and leadership. Those born under this fire sign are known for their magnetic personality and natural charisma. Leos are natural-born leaders who thrive in the spotlight and enjoy being admired by others. They are passionate and ambitious individuals who pursue their goals with unwavering determination. Leos have a strong sense of self-confidence and are not afraid to take risks or pursue their dreams. However, their need for validation and attention can sometimes lead to arrogance or self-centered behavior. Overall, Leos are generous and loyal individuals who bring warmth and enthusiasm to any situation.

Lesson #24

Outcome: I can read about common learning mistakes and indicate the errors made.

Instructions: Read the following text and record the errors made by the learner.

As a first-hand learner, errors have been an integral part of my language learning journey. They have served as stepping stones, guiding me towards a deeper understanding of the language and its intricacies. From the earliest stages of my language learning endeavor, errors have been ever-present companions, illuminating the path forward and highlighting areas in need of improvement.

At the outset, errors were frequent and sometimes disheartening. Simple mispronunciations, grammatical mistakes, and vocabulary mix-ups were commonplace as I grappled with the nuances of the language. However, rather than viewing these errors as setbacks, I began to embrace them as opportunities for growth. Each mistake became a valuable learning experience, providing insight into the complexities of the language and guiding me towards greater proficiency.

As I progressed in my language learning journey, the nature of my errors evolved. No longer confined to basic pronunciation or grammar, my mistakes began to reflect deeper challenges inherent in the language. Complex sentence structures, nuanced vocabulary usage, and cultural nuances posed new challenges, leading to a different breed of errors. Yet, with each error came a deeper understanding of the language's intricacies and a renewed determination to overcome obstacles.

Over time, I learned to approach errors with a sense of curiosity and resilience. Rather than becoming discouraged by my mistakes, I viewed them as opportunities for improvement. I sought feedback from native speakers, analyzed patterns in my errors, and actively worked to address areas of weakness. Gradually, my errors became less frequent, and my proficiency in the language grew.

Today, errors continue to play a crucial role in my language learning journey. Though they may be less frequent than in the past, they remain invaluable teachers, guiding me towards continued growth and mastery of the language. As I navigate the complexities of language learning, I am reminded of the profound impact that errors have had on my journey, shaping me into the confident and proficient language learner that I am today.

Lesson #25

Outcome: I can read about the evolution of mobile apps and give suggestions for future apps.

Instructions: Read through the following trends in phone apps. Make predictions regarding the future of mobile apps. Which trends do you think we persist or change?

1. Health and Wellness Apps: With an increasing emphasis on health and wellness, there has been a surge in the popularity of health and fitness apps. These apps offer features such as workout tracking, meal planning, meditation guidance, sleep tracking, and mental health support, empowering users to take control of their well-being from the convenience of their smartphones.

2. Remote Work and Productivity Tools: The shift towards remote work has fueled demand for productivity apps that enable users to collaborate, communicate, and manage tasks efficiently. From project management platforms to video conferencing apps and virtual whiteboards, these tools facilitate seamless remote collaboration and productivity enhancement.

3. E-commerce and Shopping Apps: The convenience of online shopping has led to a proliferation of e-commerce and shopping apps catering to a wide range of consumer needs. From retail giants to niche boutiques, these apps offer intuitive interfaces, personalized recommendations, and seamless checkout experiences, transforming the way users shop for goods and services.

4. Entertainment and Streaming Platforms: Streaming platforms continue to dominate the entertainment landscape, offering a vast array of content, including movies, TV shows, music, podcasts, and gaming. These apps leverage advanced algorithms to curate personalized recommendations and deliver high-quality streaming experiences across various devices.

5. Social Networking and Communication Apps: Social networking apps remain ubiquitous, providing users with platforms to connect, share, and communicate with friends, family, and communities worldwide. From messaging apps to social media platforms and professional networking sites, these apps facilitate real-time interaction and content sharing across diverse networks.

6. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) Apps: The integration of AR and VR technologies into mobile apps has opened up new possibilities for immersive experiences across various industries, including gaming, education, retail, and tourism. From interactive AR filters to immersive VR simulations, these apps offer users engaging and immersive experiences that blur the lines between the physical and digital worlds.

7. Language Learning and Educational Apps: With a growing emphasis on lifelong learning and skill development, language learning and educational apps have gained popularity among users seeking to expand their knowledge and expertise. These apps offer interactive lessons, quizzes, and activities across a wide range of subjects, catering to learners of all ages and proficiency levels.

8. Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Apps: As environmental concerns continue to gain traction, there has been a rise in the popularity of sustainability and eco-friendly apps designed to promote environmentally conscious behavior and lifestyle choices. From carbon footprint trackers to sustainable shopping guides and recycling resources, these apps empower users to make informed decisions that contribute to a more sustainable future.